Table 1. Measurement items

Variable Item
Demographics Gender, age, education, occupation, monthly income level, region of residence, marital status
Travel characteristics Number of overseas departures, airline used most, transit status and departure itinerary, purpose and duration of departure, type of companion, type of travel
Shopping characteristics Reasons for using duty-free shop, purchase items and purpose, shopping time and amount, reasons for non-purchasing at airport duty-free shop, satisfaction with duty-free shops at Incheon International Airport compared to competing airports, etc.
Others Intention to use in the future, additional sales items, whether the duty-free limit is appropriate, strengths and weaknesses of duty-free shops in the departure hall, and improvements
Product Store brand level, diversity, product price
Sales-person Salesperson appearance, expertise, kindness
Shop In-store atmosphere, cleanliness, location/accessibility, interior
Promotion Affiliate discount, discount coupon, event, free gift