Table 5. Sample results of human error prediction in landing task by using SHERPA

Task step	Task	Error mode	Description	Consequence	P	C	Remedial measures
1.3.1	Dial the ‘Speed/MACH’ Knob to enter the appropriate speed	A3	Pilot turns the Speed/MACH knob in the wrong way	The wrong airspeed is entered and the plane speeds up instead of slowing down	M	H	Training and education system, sensor
		A6	The pilot dials in the desired airspeed using the wrong control knob i.e. the heading knob	Before capture, the auto-pilot will attempt to switch course to the speed value entered causing the plane to leave the glideslope	M	H	Design(HMI, alarm), training and education system, sensor, information aids
		S2	Do not select adequate speed correctly	Entered instead of adequate speed, If aircraft approach at a low speed, the determination of the descent rate and the pulling become inaccurate	M	M	Training and education system, risk assessment, sensor, automation
1.3.2	Check the speedometer of PFD	C4	Pilot misidentifies the current speed on the PFD speedometer	Pilot misidentifies the current speed and lowers the flap late	M	L	Design(HMI), training and education system
		C5	Pilot check the speedometer of PFD late when they lower the aircraft	The aircraft can stall by late changes in flap level to meet minimum speed	M	H	Design(Alarm), training and education system, behavior discipline, sensor
1.3.3	Check the current flap level	C4	Pilot misidentifies flap level	The aircraft can stall by late changes in flap level to meet minimum speed and it affect flap gear operation	L	H	Design(HMI), training and education system, information aids
1.3.4	Operate a flap gear	A2	Failure to lower flap level in time to airspeed	Speed deceleration does not occur on time	M	M	Design(alarm), training and education system, team/organization
		A5	Set the flap level incorrectly	Flap is broken or stalled	L	H	Job procedure, training and education system, behavior discipline