Table 3. Battery risk management operational strategy summary

Category Description
Strategic placement of equipment Ensure easy access to firefighting equipment by placing it strategically, regardless of the accident location.
Training and preparation Crew training on lithium-ion battery incidents, firefighting equipment use, PPE wear, and fluorescent emergency signage to reduce response time.
Passenger education Educate passengers about the risks of devices with batteries and encourage limiting the number of electronic devices to reduce fire hazards.
Battery condition monitoring Regular battery inspections to detect physical damage, corrosion, leaks, and check ventilation and degradation of battery compartments.
Improved cargo compartment design Install built-in fire suppression systems and real-time sensors to monitor abnormal conditions like overcharging or temperature rise for early fire warnings.
Emergency preparedness training Regular simulation training for crew and technicians to recognize early signs of battery failures and maintain clean environments around battery compartments.
Increased awareness and education on battery transport Emphasize the risks and regulatory compliance for transporting lithium batteries, particularly with the rise of e-commerce and fast delivery services.
(FAA, 2009; Williard, N et al., 2013; ICAO, 2024a, 2024b; FAA, 2024c; CAA and U.S. FAA, 2024).