Table 1. Quantitative measurement items

Variables	Number	Questionnaires	References
VR features	VF1	The realism of the 3D images motivates me to learn.	Dalgarno et al. (2002)
	VF2	The smooth changes of images make learning more motivating and interesting.
	VF3	The realism of the 3D images helps to enhance my understanding.
	VF4	The ability to change the view position on the 3D objects allows me to learn better.
Presence	PR1	My interaction with the simulation environment seemed natural.	Sutcliffe et al. (2005)
	PR2	My experiences in the virtual environment seemed consistent with real world experiences.
	PR3	I was engaged in the virtual environment experience.
	PR4	I was involved in the experimental task to the extent that I lost track of time.
Control & active engagement	CA1	This type of virtual reality program helps me to have a better overview of the content learned.	Lee et al. (2010)
	CA2	This type of virtual reality program allows me to be more responsive and active in the learning process.
	CA3	This type of virtual reality program allows me to have more control over my own learning.
	CA4	This type of virtual reality program helps to get me engaged in the learning activity.
Enjoyment	EN1	I find using computer simulations enjoyable.	Tokel & Isler (2015)
	EN2	Using computer simulations is pleasant.
	EN3	I have fun using computer simulations.
Learning outcome	LO1	I learned a lot of factual information in the topics.	Benbunan-Fich et al. (2003), Marks et al. (2005), Martens et al. (2007)
	LO2	I gained a good understanding of the basic concepts of the materials.
	LO3	I learned to identify the main and important issues of the topics.
	LO4	I was interested and stimulated to learn more.